In Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau delivers a powerful argument for the individual’s responsibility to resist injustice. Written after Thoreau refused to pay a poll tax that supported a government involved in slavery and war, the essay questions the authority of the state and asks what a person should do when laws conflict with conscience.

Thoreau argues that citizens should not surrender their moral judgment simply because a government commands obedience. Instead, when a government acts unjustly, he maintains that individuals have a duty to refuse their cooperation even when doing so brings personal consequences. His reflections explore conscience, individual liberty, government, slavery, taxation, and the moral limits of political authority.

First published in 1849, Civil Disobedience became one of the most influential essays on nonviolent resistance and individual freedom. Its ideas would later influence figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Concise yet provocative, Thoreau’s classic remains a compelling examination of conscience, justice, and the courage to stand against injustice.