Napoleon’s Escape from Elba: The History of the French Emperor’s Return from Exile and the Road to Waterloo

Although Napoleon was exiled, he was allowed to retain the title of Emperor and was given de facto control over Elba. But it should not be surprising the man who once ruled Europe was not content with the island of Elba. Separated from his family and cast away on a small island, Napoleon attempted suicide by taking a poison pill, but he had first carried the pill with him on the retreat from Moscow, rightly concerned about an uncertain fate at the time. The aging process had fatally weakened the pill, which stopped it from fatally weakening Napoleon.

Though the emperor busied himself developing the island’s industries and had established a miniature army and navy, he must still have found time to brood upon his situation and could not have helped but think of himself as reduced to laughing stock. The “Emperor of Elba” was a poor title for a man who had once ruled over more than half of mainland Europe. Even some of Napoleon’s old Marshals, like Murat, now controlled more territory than the man who had raised them in the first place. To add insult to injury, the salary he had been promised in the Treaty of Fontainebleau and that was meant to keep him in relative luxury was often late and sometimes failed to arrive at all. Coupled with his deteriorating health and the express refusal of the Austrian court to let him speak or write to his wife and son, Napoleon must have felt himself well and truly slighted. Beaten, but not defeated, he resolved to show the Coalition powers he could still make Europe tremble.

Of all the incredible military feats Napoleon accomplished, none were more impressive than his escape from Elba and his return to France, which was literally a bloodless revolution. On February 26, 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba, and in a desperate gamble, he landed on the French mainland with less than a thousand men and marched on Paris.